Ice hockey tournaments have been staged at the Olympic Games since the 1920 Summer Olympics. The sport moved to the Winter Olympic Games program for the first Winter Games in 1924. A women's ice hockey tournament was added to the Olympic program for the 1998 Winter Olympics.

Between 1920 and 1968, the Olympic hockey tournament was also considered the Ice Hockey World Championships for that year.

Men: The ice hockey competition was initially dominated by teams from Canada, who won 6 of the first 7 tournaments. When the Soviet Union first participated in the Winter Olympics in 1956, they were immediately successful, and would win 7 gold medals in the nine appearances of the nation. Including the successor teams of the Unified Team in 1992 and Russia since 1994, Soviet or ex-Soviet hockey teams have won 12 medals (8 gold) in 14 total appearances.

Women: The women's tournament has been dominated by teams from Canada and the United States, who typically would only ever lose to each other and therefore, win gold and silver at every women's hockey tournament. Sweden broke this trend with a surprise defeat of the United States in 2006 to claim the silver medal.

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